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URBAN WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A GLOBAL COMPARATIVE APPRAISAL

Abstract: 
"The univariate statistical analysis of the database shed light on the database cross-sectional and timeseries variability. The analysis covered computation of statistics such as minimum, maximum, mean, range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, kurtosis and skewness. Table 2 shows a summary of the results of descriptive analysis. For each of the 25 variables, the table shows the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation for 1993 and 1998, and the changes during these 5 years. Based on mean values, all cardinal variables showed growth during 1993 to 1998 except WUHA, percent of urban households with access within 200 meters, WUHC, percent urban households with water connection, WUPR, urban water price in dollar per cubic meter, WUCO, urban daily consumption in liter per capita, SUPH, percent of urban households below poverty line, SNPG, national annual population growth, ENEM, national annual C02 emissions in metric tons per capita, and CNIF, GDP Inflation deflator. The study database univariate analysis showed significant cross-sectional and time-series variations, as were reflected by standard deviation and coefficient of variation values of Table 2. The 1993 minimum, average and maximum coefficient of variation values were 0.21, 1.34 and 5.50, respectively. The 1998 minimum, average and maximum coefficient of variation values were 0.23, 0.97 and 3.03, respectively. The 1993-1998 minimum, average and maximum coefficient of variation of variable changes were 0.78, 50.15 and 709.01, respectively. The time-series changes not supporting sustainable development were related to variables WUHA, percent of urban households with access within 200 meters, WUHC, percent of urban households with water connection, and SUMF, percent of urban annual mortality rate for age 5 and below. Since for the nominal variables in environmental and economic categories there was no information available for 1993, no statistics became available for their changes from 1993 to 1998, as shown by the symbol "NA" in Table 2. Based on 1993 coefficient of variations, for variable categories of water, social, environmental and economic, the highest variabilities were observed for WUPR, urban water price in dollars per cubic meter, SNPD, national population density in persons per square kilometer, ENEM, national annual C02 emissions in metric tons per capita, and CNIF, GDP Inflation deflator, respectively. Based on 1998 coefficient of variations, for variable categories of water, social, environmental and economic, the highest variabilities were observed for WUPR, urban water price in dollar per cubic meter, SNPD, national population density in persons per square kilometer, ENEM, national annual C02 emissions in metric tons per capita, and CNGD, national GDP in constant 1995 US billion dollars, respectively. For the changes from 1993 to 1998, for 4 variable categories of water, social, environmental and economic, the highest variabilities were observed for WUST, percent of urban water sewage treated, SNPG, national annual population growth, EUSR, percent of urban solid waste treated, and CUCP, urban city product in dollars, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of nominal variables reflect significant concerns regarding the environment and disaster mitigation by local governments in 1998. Urban environmental planning was implemented in 62% of the selected urban areas in 1998. Furthermore, local government disaster mitigation policies and activities existed for around half of the selected urban areas in 1998. These reflect some significant attention toward urban water resources sustainable development during the five year study period of 1993 to 1998. In 1993, for WUHA, percent of urban households with water access within 200 meters, cross sectional positive correlations were found with SNUP, EUSR, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, WUHC, WUCO, WUST and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF and SNPG. In 1993, for WUHC the percent of urban households with water connection, cross sectional positive correlations were found with SNUP, EUSR, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, WUHA, WUCO, WUST and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF, SNPG and WUPR. In 1993, for WUPR, urban water price in dollars per cubic meter, no cross sectional positive correlation was found, but negative correlations were found with EUHE and WUHC. In 1993, for WUCO, urban daily consumption in liter per capita were found with SNUP, EUSR, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, CINF, WUHA, WUHC, WUST and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF and SNPG. In 1993, for WUST, percent of urban water sewage treated were found with SNUP, EUSR, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, WUHA, WUHC, WUCO and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF and SNPG. In 1993, for WUHS, percent of urban households with sewage connection, cross sectional positive correlations were found with SNUP, EUSR, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, WUHA, WUHC, WUCO and WUST. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF and SNPG. In 1998, for WUHA, percent of urban households with water access within 200 meters, cross sectional positive correlations were found with SNPD, SNUP, EUHE, ENEM, CUTC, CNGD, WUHC, WUCO, WUST and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUPH, SUMF, SNPG and WUPR. In 1998, for WUHC, percent of urban households with water connection, cross sectional positive correlations were found with SNUP, EUSR, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, WUHA, WUCO, WUST and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUPH, SUMF, SNPG and EUPE. In 1998, for WUPR, urban water price in dollars per cubic meter, cross sectional positive correlation were found with CUCP. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with EUHE, WUHA and WUCO. In 1998, for WUCO, urban daily consumption in liter per capita were found with SNUP, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, WUHA, WUHC, WUST and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF, SNPG and WUPR. In 1998, for WUST, percent of urban water sewage treated, cross sectional positive correlations were found with SNUP, EUHE, ENEM, CUTC, CNGD, WUHA, WUHC, WUCO and WUHS. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF, SNPG and CUDM. In 1998, for WUHS, percent of urban households with sewage connection, cross sectional positive correlations were found with SNUP, EUSR, EUHE, ENEM, CUCP, CUTC, CNGD, WUHA, WUHC, WUCO and WUST. Cross sectional negative correlations were found with SUMF and SNPG. "
Author: 
Vaziri, M; Tolouei, R.
Institution: 
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology
Year: 
2010
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